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Critical examinations of languages, such as philosophy of language, the relationships between language and thought, how words represent experience, etc., have been debated at least since Gorgias and Plato in ancient Greek civilization. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Oral, manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings. In other words, human language is modality-independent, but written or signed language is the way to inscribe or encode the natural human speech or gestures.ĭepending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, 'language' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. Natural languages are spoken, signed, or both however, any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, writing, whistling, signing, or braille. Precise estimates depend on an arbitrary distinction (dichotomy) established between languages and dialects. The use of human language relies on social convention and is acquired through learning.Įstimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. Human languages possess the properties of productivity and displacement, which enable the creation of an infinite number of sentences, and the ability to refer to objects, events, and ideas that are not immediately present in the discourse. Human language is characterized by its cultural and historical diversity, with significant variations observed between cultures and across time. The vast majority of human languages have developed writing systems that allow for the recording and preservation of the sounds or signs of language. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and written forms, and may also be conveyed through sign languages.

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.

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